home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Wayzata World Factbook 1994
/
World Factbook - 1994 Edition - Wayzata Technology (1994).iso
/
pc
/
text
/
txtfiles
/
comoros.bkg
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-04-07
|
12KB
|
216 lines
#CARD:Comoros:Background Notes
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE BACKGROUND NOTES: COMOROS
APRIL 1992
Official Name: Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros
PROFILE
Geography
Area: 2,171 sq. km. (838 sq. mi.); slightly less than half the size of
Delaware. Major islands: Grande Comore (1,025 sq. km.), Anjouan (424
sq. km.), Mayotte (374 sq. km.), and Moheli (211 sq. km.). Cities:
Capital--Moroni (pop. 30,000). Other city--Mutsamudu (20,000).
Terrain: Rugged. Climate: Tropical marine.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Comorian(s). Population (1990 est.):
455,000. Mayotte--70,000 (1990 est.). Annual growth rate (1990 est.):
3.1%. Ethnic groups: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava.
Religions: Sunni Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2%. Languages: Shikomoro
(a Swahili-Arab), Malagasy, French. Education: Attendance--62%
primary, 32% secondary. Literacy--15%. Health: Infant mortality
rate--120/1,000. Life expectancy--54 yrs. Work force (200,000):
Agriculture--87%. Government--3%.
Government
Type: Republic. Independence: July 6, 1975 (Mayotte remains under
French administration). Constitution: Adopted by referendum in 1978
and since amended.
Branches: Executive--president. Legislative--National Assembly.
Judicial--traditional Muslim and codified law from French sources.
Political parties: 17 political parties. Suffrage: Universal adult.
Flag: White crescent moon encircling four white stars on green field.
Economy
GDP (1990 est.): $240 million.
Avg. annual growth rate (1989-1990): 1.9%. Per capita income: $448.
Agriculture (37% of GDP): Products--perfume essences, copra, coconuts,
cloves, vanilla, cinnamon, yams, bananas.
Services (25% of GDP): Commerce, tourism.
Industry (4% of GDP): Types--perfume distillation.
Trade: Exports--$22 million: vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, copra.
Major markets--France 47%, US 37%, Germany 10%. Imports--$40 million:
rice, petroleum, meat, wheat flour, cotton textiles, cement. Major
suppliers--France 41%, Madagascar 12%, Pakistan 8%, South Africa 6%.
Official exchange rate (1991): Comorian franc 279=US$1.
US economic aid received: US development assistance is administered by
CARE, the private voluntary organization (primarily for reforestation,
soil conservation, and sustainable agriculture). Assistance in FY1991
was $700,000. The Peace Corps has 21 volunteers. Scholarship
assistance totaling $100,000 was available in 1990.
PEOPLE
The Comorians inhabiting Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli (86% of the
population) share African-Arab origins. Islam is the dominant religion,
and Koranic schools for children reinforce its influence. Although Arab
culture is firmly established throughout the archipelago, a substantial
minority of the citizens of Mayotte (the Mahorais) are Catholic and have
been influenced strongly by French culture.
The most common language is Shikomoro, a Swahili dialect. French and
Malagasy are also spoken. About 15% of the population is literate.
HISTORY
Over the centuries, the islands were invaded by a succession of diverse
groups from the coast of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indonesia, and
Madagascar. Portuguese explorers visited the archipelago in 1505.
"Shirazi" Arab migrants introduced Islam at about the same time.
Between 1841 and 1912, France established colonial rule over Grande
Comore, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli and placed the islands under the
administration of the governor general of Madagascar. Later, French
settlers, French-owned companies, and wealthy Arab merchants established
a plantation-based economy that now uses about one-third of the land for
export crops. After World War II, the islands became a French overseas
territory and were represented in France's National Assembly. Internal
political autonomy was granted in 1961. Agreement was reached with
France in 1973 for Comoros to become independent in 1978. On July 6,
1975, however, the Comorian Parliament passed a resolution declaring
unilateral independence. The deputies of Mayotte abstained, and as a
result, the Comorian Government has effective control over only Grande
Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Mayotte remains under French
administration.
GOVERNMENT
Although Comoros has been independent since 1975, the country had no
constitution until the return to power of President Abdallah in 1978. A
National Assembly was elected in 1982, and the constitution was revised
in 1984 to permit the president to appoint governors of each of the
three main islands. Two months after President Abdallah's assassination
on November 27, 1989, presidential elections were held, and Said Mohamed
Djohar was designated president for a 6-year term. It is widely
expected that a new constitution, formed by a government of national
unity and allowing for a prime minister, will be ratified and adopted in
1992. New elections are also planned for late 1992.
Principal Government Officials
President--Said Mohamed Djohar
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Said Hassan Said Hachim
Ambassador to the United States and the United Nations--Amin Ali Moumin
Comoros maintains a mission to the United States at 336 E. 45th St., 2d
Floor, New York, NY 10017, tel. (212) 972-8010.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
After a unilateral declaration of independence from France by the
Comorian parliament in 1975, Ahmed Abdallah was designated President.
After barely a month in office, he was overthrown by foreign mercenaries
who installed Ali Soilih. Soilih embarked on a "socialist" revolution,
relying on undisciplined youth committees that often terrorized the
public. Government archives were burned and civil servants fired.
Soilih openly challenged the dominance of Islam, alienating much of the
devoutly Islamic population. A second mercenary attack, in 1978,
restored Abdallah to power, and Soilih was killed. A constitution was
adopted by popular referendum on October 1, 1978, and Abdallah was
elected President the same year.
Sometime during the night of November 26, 1989, President Abdallah was
assassinated at his residence, probably by mercenaries in his
presidential guard under Bob Denard. French troops were dispatched from
Mayotte, and the mercenaries were forced to leave on December 15, 1989.
In early 1990, Said Mohamed Djohar emerged as the winner of the
presidential elections. Since then the country has been engaged in
rewriting the constitution, which is expected to be adopted this year.
The country is also engaged in implementing the terms of an IMF/World
Bank structural adjustment program to improve its economy.
ECONOMY
Comoros, with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
income of about $450, is among the world's poorest and least developed
nations. Although the quality of the land differs from island to island,
most of the widespread lava-encrusted soil formations are unsuited to
agriculture. As a result, most of the inhabitants make their living
from subsistence agriculture and fishing.
Agriculture, involving more than 87% of the population and 37% of the
gross domestic product, provides virtually all foreign exchange
earnings. Services including tourism, construction, and commercial
activities constitute the remainder of the GDP. Plantations engage a
large proportion of the population in producing the islands' major cash
crops for export--vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, and copra. Comoros
is the world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang, used in
manufacturing perfume. It also is the world's second largest producer
of vanilla. Principal food crops are coconuts, bananas, and cassava.
Foodstuffs constitute 34% of total imports.
The country lacks the infrastructure necessary for development. Some
villages are not linked to the main road system or at best are connected
by tracks usable only by four-wheel-drive vehicles. The islands' ports
are rudimentary, although a deep-water facility was recently completed
on Anjouan. Only small vessels can approach the existing quays in Moroni
on Grande Comore, despite recent improvements. Long-distance ocean-going
ships must lie offshore and be unloaded by smaller boats; during the
cyclone season, this procedure is dangerous, and ships are reluctant to
call at the island. Most freight is sent first to Mombasa or Reunion and
transhipped from there.
France, Comoros' major trading partner, also provides direct budgetary
support essential to the government's daily operations. The United
States receives a growing percentage of Comoros' exports but supplies
only a negligible (less than 1%) fraction of its imports.
Comoros has an international airport at Hahaya on Grande Comore. It is
a member of the franc zone (Communaute Financiere Africaine--CFA), with
an exchange rate of 279 CFA francs=US$1 (1991).
FOREIGN RELATIONS
In November 1975, Comoros became the 143d member of the United Nations.
The new nation was defined as consisting of the entire archipelago,
despite the fact that France maintains control over Mayotte.
Comoros also is a member of the Organization of African Unity, the
European Development Fund, the World Bank, the International Monetary
Fund, the Indian Ocean Commission, and the African Development Bank.
DEFENSE
The military resources of the Comoros consist of a small standing army
and a 500-member police force, as well as a 500-member defense force. A
defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of
territorial waters, training of Comorian military personnel, and air
surveillance. France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign
Legion contingent on Mayotte.
US-COMORIAN RELATIONS
The United States recognized the Comorian Government in 1977, and the
two countries enjoy friendly relations.
Principal US Officials
Ambassador--Kenneth N. Peltier
Administrative/Consular Officer Rowena Cross-Najafy
The address of the US Embassy in Moroni is PO Box 1318, Moroni, RFI des
Comoros (tel. 73-22-03 or 73-29-22). Embassy hours are 7:30-3:30 Monday
to Friday.
Travel Notes
Climate and clothing: The climate is hot. Light rainwear and summer
clothing are appropriate year round.
Customs: A valid passport and visa are required. Visas are available
through the Embassy of Senegal in Washington. Visas also may be obtained
on arrival if unavailable in country of origin.
Health: No vaccinations are required. Malaria is widespread, and
prophylactics, such as chloroquine, paludrine, and fansidar, are used.
Take reasonable precautions in eating fruits, vegetables, and meats.
Seek advice before using beaches.
Telecommunications: Long-distance telephone and telegraph services are
available in Moroni. The country is 8 time zones earlier than eastern
standard time.
Transportation: There are flights to and from Comoros from Paris,
Mauritius, Nairobi, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar. The three
main islands are connected by daily flights, but there is no regular
ocean communication.
Published by the United States Department of State -- Bureau of Public
Affairs -- Office of Public Communication -- Washington, DC -- April
1992 -- Editor: Peter A. Knecht.
Department of State Publication 8963--Background Notes Series -- This
material is in the public domain and may be reprinted without
permission; citation of this source is appreciated.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402. (###)
#ENDCARD